An effective abstract should be “highly structured, concise, and coherent” [1].
Its structure should mirror that of the full paper, including the following sections [2]:
Introduction: Provide a basic introduction (1–2 sentences) to the field that is comprehensible to scientists from any discipline, and a more detailed introduction (2–3 sentences) that is comprehensible to scientists in the relevant discipline and which introduces the gap in the literature.
Aims: State the hypothesis of the study (1 sentence).
Methods: Provide a brief description of the experimental design (1–2 sentences).
Results: Clearly state the most important finding, in both subjective terms (We found that treatment X resulted in a higher survival rate than treatment Y) and in the form of real data. Explain how this result compares to what was originally thought (i.e. was your hypothesis correct) (3–4 sentences).
Conclusions: Explain the implications of your results and why they are important (1–2 sentences).
Abstracts with this structure reflect good scientific practices. If you carried out the study with clear objectives, the abstract should be easy to write.
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References
1. Cremmins ET. The art of abstracting. ISI Press, 3501 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104; 1982.
2. Nature. How to construct a Nature summary paragraph. Available from: https://www.nature.com/nature/authors/gta/2c_Summary_para.pdf [Accessed 24th September 2016].